What technology is specifically used for monitoring and analyzing database activity independently of the database management system?

The correct choice is Database Activity Monitoring (DAM), as this technology is designed to monitor and analyze database activity directly, separate from the database management system itself. DAM solutions provide real-time visibility into who is accessing the database and what actions they are taking, making it valuable for detecting unauthorized access, identifying potential insider threats, and ensuring compliance with security regulations. By working independently, DAM tools can enforce security policies without being affected by the inherent limitations or configurations of the database management system.

In contrast, data portability refers to the ability to transfer data between different systems or formats, which does not focus on monitoring database activity. Denial of service (DoS) is an attack meant to disrupt service availability rather than a monitoring solution. Database as a Service (DBaaS) is a cloud service model that provides database capabilities on demand but doesn't inherently provide specific monitoring of database activity. These options, while relevant in different contexts, do not serve the specific function of monitoring and analyzing database activity independently of the management system like DAM does.