Which technology makes the network control programmable and dynamically adjusts the flow of traffic when the pattern of network consumption changes?

Software-defined networking (SDN) is the correct answer because it allows for programmable network control. This technology separates the network control plane from the data plane, enabling administrators to manage network resources more flexibly and efficiently through software applications rather than relying on physical hardware configurations. With SDN, the management of network traffic flows can be adjusted dynamically in response to changing patterns in network consumption, facilitating optimal performance and resource allocation.

The ability of SDN to abstract network functions and provide a centralized view of the network allows for rapid adjustments and improved agility. This adaptability is key in modern networking, particularly in environments where rapid changes in demand or traffic patterns occur frequently. SDN's programmable nature lets organizations implement changes quickly without the need for manual reconfiguration of physical devices, thus enhancing operational efficiency and responsiveness.

In contrast, application-defined networking focuses on how applications interact with the network without necessarily providing the same level of control over network infrastructure itself. Network function virtualization, while it does virtualize network functions, does not inherently offer the programmability across the entire network that SDN does. Lastly, hardware-defined networking typically refers to traditional networking practices and does not incorporate the programmability aspect that is central to SDN's functionality.