Which type of privilege escalation is targeted by attacks aiming to gain unauthorized access rights?

The correct answer is tied to the concept of escalation of privilege, which refers to the process of exploiting a vulnerability in a system to gain elevated access rights beyond what is normally permitted. In cybersecurity, attackers often seek to increase their privileges within a system to perform unauthorized actions, such as accessing sensitive data, altering configurations, or executing commands that should be restricted.

When an attacker successfully executes a privilege escalation attack, they can gain control over more resources and sensitive information than they were originally granted. This type of attack is particularly dangerous because it can allow an attacker to bypass security controls that are in place, leading to further compromise of systems and data.

In contrast, the other options refer to different types of attacks or security issues. Denial of Service (DoS) aims to make a system or service unavailable to its intended users, without necessarily trying to gain unauthorized access. Spoofing involves deceiving a system or user into thinking the attacker is a trusted entity, often to steal information or credentials. Information Disclosure concerns unauthorized exposure of information without necessarily escalating privileges. Thus, the focus on gaining unauthorized access rights specifically aligns with the concept of escalation of privilege.